【MIS】管理資訊系統Ch1+2
今天小考題目很難，又跳章節，每個同學都叫苦連天，有人帶了一本厚厚的英文字典，但考試時間只有100分鐘，要如何逐字翻譯再回答問題？看著考卷讓我感覺似乎在考英語能力檢定，而不是管理學……
以下是我回想今天的考試內容整理出的幾個重點：
Ch1 Information Systems in Global Business
１、Globalization全球化下，對世界經濟會有的影響：
- Internet has drastically reduced costs of operating on global scale（網路大大降低了全球範圍的經營成本）
- Increases in foreign trade, outsourcing（增加外國的貿易、外包服務/委外加工）
- Presents both challenges and opportunities（挑戰和機會）
- Global economy depends on imports and exports.（全球經濟依賴進口和出口）
- Significant business relationships are digitally enabled and mediated.（以數位化的方式開啟與連接重要的商業關係－－客戶Customers和供應商Suppliers）
- Core business processes are accomplished through digital networks.（核心的商業過程經由網路來完成）
- Key corporate assets are managed digitally.（主要的企業資產以數位方式來管理）
- Operational excellence／Improved Operational Efficiency（提高營運效率）：包括精簡任務、改進技術或減少生產浪費。例如：Walmart, information system coupled with state of the art（Walmart有最先進的資訊系統）
- New products, services, and business models（新產品、新服務、新的商業模式）：business models商業模式是企業從產品或服務中賺錢的過程。Information systems and technology資訊系統與科技通常是新的技術。
- Customer and supplier intimacy（客戶和供應商的關係）：有好的顧客服務品質，才能讓顧客回流，增加收入、利潤。與供應商有良好的溝通、關係越親密，就越有機會得到特定的服務（ex折扣），就有機會降低成本。
- Improved decision making（改善決策）：在沒有即時且準確的資訊下，分析出來的結果未必是最佳的，但經由資訊系統的進步，能夠即時獲取大量資訊，管理者就能夠有更好的決策目標。
- Competitive advantage（競爭優勢）：Delivering better performance提供更好的性能、表現、服務，Charging less for superior products降低產品收費，Responding to customers and suppliers in real time即時回應顧客與供應商。
- Survival（適者生存）：Information technologies(IT) as necessity of business資訊科技是必須的商業手段，Industry-level changes產業等級變化－－E時代來臨，每個行業都面臨科技化，為了生存勢必要與時俱進，例如銀行業引進ATM。
- Organization組織：
- Senior management（高階）--long-range strategic decision長遠的策略決定
- Middle management（中階）--carry out the programs and plans of senior management執行高階主管交辦事務
- Operational management（低階）--monitor the daily activities of the business監督每日的活動
- Knowledge workers--design products or services
- Data workers--assist with scheduling and communications at all levels
- Production or service workers--produce the product and deliver the service
- Major business functions主要業務功能：
- Sales and marketing銷售與行銷
- Human resources人力資源
- Finance and accounting財務與會計
- Manufacturing and production製造與生產
- Management管理
- Technology科技
- 價值鏈是企業從構思到交付的一系列活動，包括設計、生產、行銷和分銷。
- 從最左邊（Information Processing Activities）：收集資料（Raw data原始資料）為起點，一步步處理分析資料後，最後產生管理決策（Management Activities），此過程為Value Chain（有Business value）。
Ch2 Global E-business and Collaboration
１、Business processes商業流程：
- 定義：Flows of material, information, knowledge物質、資訊、知識的流動。
- Examples of functional business processes：
- Transaction processing systems（TPS）交易處理系統：Perform and record daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business執行和紀錄開展業務所需的日常交易。Monitor the status of internal operations and the firm's relations with external environment管理者用來監控內部運營狀態以及公司與外部環境的關係。
- Systems for Business Intelligence商業智慧：為了管理、分析資訊。
- Management Information Systems（MIS）管理資訊系統：提供middle management使用， reports on firm’s current performance, based on data from TPS提供有關公司當前的效能報告，分析的數據來自TPS，Provide answers to routine questions 提供常規的問題，例如產品資訊、銷售地區、售出總額等等。
- Decision support systems（DSS）決策支援系統：供middle management使用，Support non-routine decision making支援非常規的決策決定， use external information as well TPS / MIS data使用TPS或MIS的資料分析，可分為：
- Model driven模型驅動 DSS：Voyage-estimating systems航行估算系統--large global shipping company、calculates financial and technical voyage details.計算財務和技術航程細節。
- Data driven資料驅動 DSS：marketing analysis systems行銷分析系統
- Executive support systems（ESS）執行支援系統：for senior management幫助高層管理做決定（address nonroutine decision）
- Enterprise applications企業應用程式：Systems for linking the enterprise用於連接企業的系統。包含所有level的管理階層。
- Enterprise systems企業系統：Collects data from different firm functions and stores data in single central data repository從不同公司職能單位收集資料，並儲存在單一中央貯藏庫中。Resolves problem of fragmented data解決數據碎片化的問題。
- Supply chain management （SCM）systems供應鏈管理系統：Manage firm’s relationships with suppliers管理公司與供應商的關係。
- Customer relationship management （CRM）systems 顧客關係管理系統：Provide information to coordinate all of the business processes that deal with customers提供資訊以協調與客戶間的互動的所有商業流程。
- Knowledge management （KMS）systems知識管理系統：Collect internal knowledge and experience within firm and make it available to employees收集公司內部知識與經驗提供給員工，Link to external sources of knowledge與外部知識來源做連結。
- Business benefits of collaboration and teamwork / Social Business：
- Productivity提高生產力
- Quality提高品質
- Innovation增加創新
- Customer service提高顧客服務
- Financial performance提高財務業績
- Two dimensions of collaboration technologies合作技術的兩大要素：
- Information systems department資訊系統部門：
- chief information officer (CIO)--senior management
- chief security officer (CSO)
- chief knowledge officer (CKO)--help design programs and systems to find new sources of knowledge or to make better use of existing knowledge in organizational and management processes.幫助設計程式和系統，以找到新的知識來源，或更好地利用組織和管理流程中的現有知識。
- chief privacy officer (CPO)--ensuring that the company complies with existing data privacy laws確保公司遵守現有數據隱私法。
Case study:
Social Business: Full Speed Ahead or Proceed with Caution?
Q1. Identify the management, organization, and technology factors responsible for impeding adoption of internal corporate social networks.定義導致阻礙採用內部企業社交網路的管理、組織和技術因素。我寫的答案：
Management needs to ensure that the internal and external social networking efforts of the company are providing genuine value to the business.
Organization to work in a different way requires enlisting those most engaged and interested in helping and designing and building the right workplace environment for using social technologies.
Space Flight Center had to abandon a custom-built enterprise social network called Spacebook because
no one knew how its social tools would help people do their jobs.
上網找到的答案：
Management:
Employees that are used to collaborating and doing business in more traditional ways need an incentive to use social software. Most companies are not providing that incentive: Only 22 percent of social software users believe the technology to be necessary to their jobs.
Organization:
Companies that have tried to deploy internal social networks have found that employees are used to doing business in a certain way and overcoming the organizational inertia can prove difficult. Enterprise social networking systems were not at the core of how most of the surveyed companies collaborate. About half of the survey respondents said that internal social networks had “very little impact” on employee retention, the speed of decision making, or the reduction of meetings.
Technology:
Ease of use and increased job efficiency are more important than peer pressure in driving adoption of social networking technologies. A majority of IT professionals consider their own internal social networks to be merely average or below average and the biggest reason they cite is low adoption rates on the part of employees. Content on the networks needs to be relevant, up-to-date, and easy to access; users need to be able to connect to people that have the information they need, and that would otherwise be out of reach or difficult to reach.
Q3. Should all companies implement internal enterprise social networks? Why or why not?所有公司都應該實施企業內部社交網路嗎?為什麼或為什麼不呢?
我寫的答案：
Yes. Social business tools have transformed an organization that was gradually sinking under the weight of paper into a highly efficient digital business.
上網找到的答案：
Yes , I think so .If used correctly, companies that implement internal enterprise social networks can have terrific results such as cutting expenses or closing underperforming businesses. If not properly done there could be numerous problems such as security breaches and basically just the waste of company resources and time.
What theory of the 2020 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel has been awarded to Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson ?
拍賣理論（Auction theory）
